Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review

Potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution is a major abiotic stress, which reduces plant growth and affects food quality by entering the chain, ultimately poses hazards to human health. Currently, use of slag in PTE-contaminated soils has been reported reduce PTEs toxicity plants. This review highlights role used as fertilizer for better crop production sustainable agricultural development. The application increased growth, yield, crops under PTE toxicity. mechanisms followed are immobilization soil, enhancement soil pH, changes redox state PTEs, positive physicochemical biological properties Nevertheless, these processes influenced species, conditions, imposition length type used. current provides an insight into improving tolerance slag-based theoretical basis applying environments worldwide.